Journal Name: Semiotica Issue: Ahead of print.

Name der Zeitschrift: Semiotica Jahrgang: 2015 Heft: 207 Seiten: 175-183.

In this paper a set of categorical sentences called an antilogistic tetrad is presented as a perspective on Aristotle's square of opposition. An antilogistic tetrad is formed by collecting the premises of a pair of valid syllogisms the conclusions of which are contradictory categorical sentences. A set of such premises serves to bring together Aristotle's concern with debate and the syllogism, and as such may be seen as a way of “completing” Aristotle's analysis of the square of opposition.The debate context (...) is characterized by opposing views for which arguments are offered. The square of opposition captures that contending of opposing views; and is also basic to the presentation of categorical sentences, a necessary condition for the syllogism. By using C. S. Peirce's notion of abductive argument to produce the middle term, and hence to construct deductive syllogistic arguments, antilogistic tetrads may be formed on any contended subject. For that reason, the process sketched above for forming antilogistic tetrads is called “completing the square of opposition.”. (shrink)

Charles Peirce has it that ongoing experience in all its richness is all the product of semeiosis. The argument of this paper is that Carlo Rovelli’s book The Order of Time (2018) provides a context for the notion that the immediate sense of the passing of time emerges from the ongoing creation of experience by semeiosis.

The self is presented as a semeiotic matrix with the three categories each articulated with a fitting semeiosis.

Medicine is no stranger to patience. In fact, the word ‘patient’ has an etymology stemming from the Latin word ‘patiens’, describing the one who tolerates suffering. 1 In this sense, the cornerstone of medicine, the patient–physician relationship, reflects passive language, ‘to suffer’. This suffering must be understood, and should be most intimately understood by those who provide care that is beyond a patient’s reach. The case of patients and their loved ones requesting medically futile care at the end of life (...) is one where further treatment is replaced by patience and, more rarely, the patience of medical teams is replaced by futile treatment. At the heart of this debate is not only the denial of futile care but also the need for understanding the extent of patience that must be endured as a result of it. Burns and Truog 2 remark on this ethical dilemma: The best... (shrink)

This article offers an analysis of intentionality for virtual objects and explores some of the ethical implications of this analysis. The main example which serves as a motivation for the article is the case of a Chinese gamer who, in 2005, committed murder in retaliation for the theft of a virtual object, the theft of his virtual dragon sabre. The intentional analysis reveals that the way in which we experience virtual objects shares a structural similarity with the way in which (...) we experience physical objects. Both virtual and physical objects are accessible through action and intersubjectively available. The final part of the article introduces three ethical points based on the intentional analysis. First, virtual objects can have the same ethical significance as physical objects. Second, it will be important to consider empirical results on the factors which influence one’s subjective level of immersion in the virtual world. Finally, the intentional analysis of virtual objects suggests specific questions for future research. (shrink)

There is a well-established relationship between isolation and both morbidity and mortality in the context of addiction recovery, yet the protective effects of intimate and familial relationships have not been adequately assessed. The current paper uses the European Life In Recovery database to assess the association between relationship status and living with dependent children on recovery capital of people in recovery from drug addiction, operationalised by the Strengths And Barriers Recovery Scale. The study participants were drawn from the REC-PATH study (...) and supplemented by a second sample recruited by the Recovered Users Network across various European countries, resulting in a combined sample of 1,313 individuals completing the survey, primarily online. The results show that, in recovery, those who are married or co-habiting reported significantly greater recovery strengths and fewer barriers to recovery, and reported greater gains in recovery capital across their recovery journeys. Similar associations are found for participants who have dependent children living with them. There is also some indication that this association is stronger for female than for male participants. Finally, having more people that one can rely on and a greater proportion of people in recovery in the social network are both linked to greater recovery capital and greater self-reported growth in recovery capital. We conclude that this study provides further evidence in favour of a “social cure” in recovery, in which close familial ties are associated with stronger recovery resources. (shrink)

Most, perhaps all, non-classical logics are a blend of classical logic with extralogical elements. Possibly this thesis has no general proof, and only a casuistic argument can be provided. I discuss a case of paraconsistency that results of applying a “filter” to two syllogistics. These syllogistics incorporate two ideas of Nikolai Vasiliev: the idea of a complete system of contrary judgements, and the idea of double judgements. I also show how these results can be extended to propositional logic, with the (...) aid of the conjunctive and disjunctive normal forms. Despite the non-classical appearance, it is used, without exception, the classical notion of deductive validity: a conclusion cannot carry more information, but may carry less information than the information carried by the collection of the premisses. (shrink)

A maioria, talvez todas, as lógicas não-clássicas são um amálgama da lógica clássica com elementos extralógicos. Possivelmente esta tese nao possui uma prova geral, mas somente um argumento caso a caso possa ser fomecido. Discuto um caso de paraconsistência que resulta da aplicação de urn "filtro" a duas silogísticas. Essas silogísticas incorporam duas idéias de Nikolai Vasiliev: a idéia de um sistema completo de juízos contrários, e a idéia de juízos duplos. Tarnbém mostro como esses resultados podem ser estendidos à (...) lógica proposicional, com a ajuda das formas nornais conjuntiva e disjuntiva. Apesar da aparencia não-clássica, utilize-se, sem exceção, a noção clássica de validade dedutiva: uma conclusão não pode veicular mais inforrnação, mas pode veicular menos inforrnação, do que a informação veiculada pelo conjunto das premissas. (shrink)

Newton’s famous pronouncement, Hypotheses non fingo, first appeared in 1713, but his anti-hypothetical stance was present as early as 1672. For example, in his first paper on optics, Newton claims that his doctrine of light and colours is a theory, not a hypothesis, for three reasons (1) It is certainly true, because it supported by (or deduced from) experiment; (2) It concerns the physical properties of light, rather than the nature of light; and (3) It has testable consequences. Despite his (...) clear anti-hypothetical statements, a corpuscular hypothesis lies beneath Newton’s theory of colours. What are we to make of this? Is Newton guilty of feigning a hypothesis? Some writers, such as Sabre and Dear, argue that Newton’s Hypotheses non fingo is merely ‘lip-service’ to the dominant methodological tradition. Others, such as Janiak, argue that Newton’s anti-hypotheticalism is a polemic device, designed specifically to oppose his Cartesian and Leibnizian critics. I argue that, despite his corpuscular hypothesis, we should take Newton’s pronouncement as a genuine account of his methodology. I take a fresh look at Newton’s first optical papers in light of the role of hypotheses in the Baconian-experimental tradition in which Newton’s early research was conducted. I argue that Newton is working with a rough but genuine distinction between hypothesis and theory. This distinction is consistent with both the Baconian-experimental method and with his later anti-hypothetical pronouncements. I conclude that Newton did not ‘feign’ the corpuscular hypothesis. (shrink)

Le drame de la psychologie des facultés Philosophiquement parlant, la division du travail entre les diverses facultés de l'esprit et leur hiérarchie sont déterminantes pour maintes théories de la connaissance et pour toute théorie de l'existence humaine. Récapitulons, sabre au clair et au risque de la caricature – car cette exposition schématique est sans nuance –, les thèses dominantes de l'histoire de la pensée à ce propos, ce qui permettra d'y situer Baudelaire. La notion même de “faculté”...

There is a prevailing opinion that conjectural knowledge (zann) cannot be taken as a basis in determining the fundamental theological principles among the theologians. However, from which sources and how to obtain certainty (yaqīn) and which types of knowledge are definitive (qat‘ī) have been discussed extensively. Certain and conjectural knowledge meet at a common point in terms of relying on evidence. Conjectural knowledge obtained via reasoning and/or religious scripture that do not express certainty. While conjectural knowledge has been essentially related (...) to the concepts of estimation, doubt, belief and knowledge, by its in term of value, it is stands closer to the concepts of knowledge and belief. Conjectural knowledge contains different degrees of certainty. When it is chosen to be more certain, it is considered as a valid conjecture, when it is disregarded, it is considered as erroneous conjecture. If there is no choice for its certainty, then it is called doubt (shakk). If the information/judgment obtained through reasoning becomes fixed, unchangeable and in a coherence that does not allow it to be otherwise, then it is called definitive (qat‘ī) knowledge. To achieve that, theologians generally used methods of argumentations like syllogism, induction, exhaustive investigation and disjunction (al-sabr wa’l-taqsīm) to provide such knowledge about divinity and prophethood. Theologians have used conjectural knowledge, which are based on endoxic (mashhūrāt), already granted (musallamāt) and acceptance of authority (maqbūlāt), in their dialectics to persuade their discussants, rather than to justify the fundamental theological issues of religion. While theologians mostly use rational proofs in theological issues, they also gave significant place to the scriptural narrative that determines the creed. In this context, theologians accepted the narrated evidence as binding and decisive, as long as it is certain in terms of both authenticity and implication. Ultimately, the fundamental theological principles of religion are based on these narrative evidences. Although the theologians do not accept single reports (khabar al-wahid) for their questionable authenticity, they also made inferences regarding subjects of traditions (sam‘iyyāt). Acting from this perspective, theologians tried to justify with narrative evidence rather than rational arguments on these issues such as torment in grave, intercession (shafā‘ah) and sirât, which are mostly matters of eschatology and the unseen (ghayb). Finally, it has been concluded that the conjectural knowledge is still valid in some secondary theological issues and the assumption that the conjectural knowledge has no deduction value in theology is not absolute. (shrink)

Excerpt from Uebersicht ber das Aristotelische Lehrgeb ude und Er rterung der Lehren Seiner N chsten Nachfolger: Als Uebergang zur Dritten Entwickelungsperiode der Griechischen Philosophie Sci) bergebe hie $erbattnifie 111e cbe hie @d einnng biefe8 %anbe8 meiner (R)efcbicbte n1eljr brei Sabre lang ber3ogert haben; bie @1'm bnnng befiel en m rbe mir fcbn1er3; I11I) unb fiir ben 8efer ohne 8'nterefie fein. S'huen finh fie befannt nnb (c)ie werben ben (c)pnren ber (R)tin1n1nngen, 111 Innen MB 931119 gefcf;rieben ift, 351e 9tacbficbt nicht (...) verfagen. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Se revisan varios libros publicados recientemente que corresponderían al campo de la epistemología politica. Sus autores pertenecen a tradiciones tan distintas como los Estudios sobre la Cieneia, Sociologia del Conocimiento, Epistemología, Filosafia de la Cieneia o Economía. La convergencia en este tema es el dato más significativo, habida cuenta de las bien conocidas controversias contemporaneas sabre Ia ciencia. EI nucleo central de los trabajos es la relación entre ciencia y democracia.We review a few volumes appeared in the last years about (...) the topic of Political Epistemology. The authors came from different traditions such as Science Studies, Sociology of Science, Epistemology, Philosophy of Science or Economics. This convergence is the most meaningful fact, given the well-known controversies in the general field of science. the hard core of the reviewed volumes is the relationship between science and democtratic studies. (shrink)

Se revisan varios libros publicados recientemente que corresponderían al campo de la epistemología politica. Sus autores pertenecen a tradiciones tan distintas como los Estudios sobre la Cieneia, Sociologia del Conocimiento, Epistemología, Filosafia de la Cieneia o Economía. La convergencia en este tema es el dato más significativo, habida cuenta de las bien conocidas controversias contemporaneas sabre Ia ciencia. EI nucleo central de los trabajos es la relación entre ciencia y democracia.We review a few volumes appeared in the last years about (...) the topic of Political Epistemology. The authors came from different traditions such as Science Studies, Sociology of Science, Epistemology, Philosophy of Science or Economics. This convergence is the most meaningful fact, given the well-known controversies in the general field of science. the hard core of the reviewed volumes is the relationship between science and democtratic studies. (shrink)

Des médecins, à l'Age classique, observent le visage humain, et tentent d'y deviner les passions de l'âme ; des savants, dans les premières décennies du XIXe siècle, déchiffrent le corps du monstre, et y perçoivent un semblable. Des curieux se pressent, au siècle des Lumières, au spectacle d'un homme sans bras ni jambes, vêtues à la Turque, qui tourbillonne, le sabre au clair, sur le pavé parisien ; les foules de la Belle Epoque, à la Foire du Trône, se massent (...) sur le seuil des musées de cires anatomiques, qu'elles déserteront bientôt. Des soldats américains, durant la Guerre d'Irak, posent devant des prisonniers dénudés... Ce sont là quelques-uns des regards qui les scrutent et qu'interroge le travail de Jean-Jacques Courtine, dans un parcours qui traverse l'histoire du visage, celle du corps, celle de la virilité. On y sent à chaque pas la présence de la pensée de Michel Foucault, entendue, discutée ; ses concepts - énoncés, formation discursive, dispositif - questionnés. Le livre partage avec le travail foucaldien un paradoxe fondateur : lorsqu'on y interroge l'énigme de la chair, ce sont tout autant l'épaisseur sédimentée du langage et les incessants déplacements du regard qui répondent. Pas d'histoire du corps qui ne soit une archéologie des discours et une généalogie des regards. (shrink)

Excerpt from Wahrheitsgetreuer Bericht Uber Meine Reise in den Himmel 861 wei, bafi hie?d?eimmg uberall berbreitet ift' bat; id; im Sabre 1804 an?iiterfctvacbe geftnren fei.?iuein e8 taucben boc5 it aflerano @eriicbte auf, als wenn id) in jenem 8abre nur ben $eriud; gemacht butte, im immel einen qbol)mpia 311 nemeu, aber abgetviefen fei unb mirb hmm bier verborgen gebalten bae. a meine qeiberfafljer mm hie llnm'ifienbeit b86 groen $nlifum Icid;t an meinem unb meiner treuen oiiter 92ad;tbeil benagen nnb ben @aenerljalt ber= (...) brefienb mich fur einen ioaumaturgen auid;reien founten bocfi afle6 %nnber5are au bem 8eben gebannt unb nur im au6bacfene ubrig gdafien babe), fo will id) lieber felbft hie qbabrbeit an'6 8ici;t fte[fen Uunh ubergee biennit benz aufgeflarten 'bublifum einen tnabrbeitgetreuen 23erid;t uber meine 2reife in ben immel. 8d) babe namlid) aflerbing immer mit @ifer bie $?unft ber 2eenberlanguung betrieben unb fonute fogar hie bofen 'subnfcbmer3en hard; hie?diacfit be6 @emutb egmingen; mm kg bamm im immel ben hard; meine %urbigfeit, glucflicb 311 [ein, berbienten. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

This essay examines Claudio Magris’s literary production from the point of view of European normative ethics by drawing on recently-proposed theories of negative empathy and the hybrid hero. A brief overview of Magris’s narratives and characters—from Illazioni su una sciabola (1985) (Inferences from a Sabre, 1991) to Croce del Sud) [Southern cross] (2020)—shows his peculiar interpretation of such theories and how he repurposes them for ethical goals. This is followed by a close reading of Un altro mare (1991) (A Different (...) Sea, 2017) which presents in detail the narrative and stylistic devices adopted by the author to establish an emotional connection with readers that can stimulate empathic identification together with critical thinking. Finally, the essay demonstrates the central role of Magris’s work in a European ethical framework with the support of empirical evidence in the study of reading experience, combined with theoretical claims of several modern philosophers and literary scholars, including, among others, Martha Nussbaum, Stefano Ercolino, Massimo Salgaro, and Benjamin van Tourhout. (shrink)